China's systematic intellectual property theft campaign poses unprecedented threats to American national security and technological leadership.

We’re now starting to see a second China shock play out, one that looks different. This time, barred from the U.S. market by tariffs, and unable to sell enough to consumers at home, China is redirecting more of its exports to developing countries. It’s also setting up its own factories in some of these countries.

China appears to have reciprocated the U.S.'s softer tone on strategic competition between the two superpowers.

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Broadly speaking, international research collaborations continue to rise globally, and Adams says that’s a good thing: the highest-impact research, at least in terms of citations, tends to flow from multilateral research partnerships. The United States and China remain dominant forces, but the balance of power is shifting.