Stable isotopes can be used by measuring their amounts and proportions in samples, for example in water samples. Naturally-occurring stable isotopes of water and other substances are used to trace the ...

Charge carriers have been confined by exploiting the small difference between the bandgap energies of the two naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon. Many high-speed electronic and ...

and the sum of the protons and neutrons gives the atomic mass, the number of neutrons defines the isotope of that element. For example, most carbon (≈ 99 %) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and is written ...