a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain (see below). Within a protein, multiple amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby forming a long chain.

The carbon atom forms a bond with a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an R group. An R group is a unique side chain that differentiates between each amino acid.

A peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and ... by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions.

For their analysis, the team focused on hydrogen bonds, which are weak bonds that the protein forms internally between the atoms in its amino acids and with the water surrounding it. These bonds are ...

In the research arena, it will now be possible to measure the contribution of base stacking to fidelity in the absence of hydrogen bonding ... to encode an unnatural amino acid into a protein.

Chemical structure of guanine, showing its double-ring purine structure and the functional groups involved in hydrogen bonding with cytosine ... due to the presence of the carbonyl (C=O) and amino ...