The relative atomic masses of elements are proportional measures. For example, the Ar for helium is 4.0, and the A r for carbon is 12.0. This means that carbon atoms have three times the mass of ...

The Nicomp can be used for estimating the average molecular weight, Mw, of particles or macromolecules suspended in solution. The word "estimate" is emphasized since the measurement of molecular ...

1 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. 2 Look up the bond energy of each bond that breaks and each bond that forms. 3 Use the chemical equation to work out how many of each type of ...

For a rough idea of a dog’s physiological age, a popular approach is to simply multiply its actual age by seven, but new research upends this piece of conventional wisdom. Scientists have developed a ...