Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are inter-related clinical and pathophysiological disorders. Cells of the innate immune system, such as granulocytes and macrophages, can ...

Our immune system spans two worlds—innate and adaptive. Innate immune cells are like troops at the gate ready to hold off invaders and raise the body's alarms. Adaptive immune cells are specialists ...

Aberrant innate immune responses contribute significantly to cellular senescence, yet the precise interplay between innate immunity and senescence remains poorly characterized. Here, we elucidate the ...

Scientists generally agree that eukaryotes, the domain of life whose cells contain nuclei and that includes almost all multicellular organisms, originated from a process involving the symbiotic union ...

Secondary infections caused by bacteria or viruses during hospital care remain a long-standing global challenge, despite advances in modern medicine. In particular, mixed bacterial–viral infections in ...

Our immune system is divided into two main branches: innate and adaptive. Innate immune cells act as a first line of defense, quickly responding to invaders, while adaptive immune cells take a longer ...

The innate response's job is to assess the threat and determine how best to handle it. When it has a firm grasp on the situation, and if it can't deal with the threat itself, the innate response ...

The immune system can work in two ways: the innate immune system reacts to any foreign invaders that are identified by immune cells that look for such pathogens; but the acquired or adaptive immune ...

Researchers have discovered that mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines have a persistent effect on the innate immune system. These mechanisms may help the human body to better protect itself against potential ...