When the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, the atom is ionized. (The atom is then called an ion). Do not allow your atom to become too ionized. Ions are attracted to other ...

Double ionization occurs when an atom or molecule is subjected to enough energy, say from a cosmic ray or laser, that it loses two electrons. In their latest paper, the team observed a similar ...

group bonded to a halogen atom, such as chlorine or bromine. Experiments revealed that in some cases, when these molecules undergo double ionization, they follow a similar roaming mechanism to ...