Introduction Every modern building—whether residential, commercial, or industrial depends on a complex network of pipes that ...

Modern civilization depends on the transport of liquid and gases in systems of pipes, just as humans depend on the transport of blood through arteries and veins 1. As fluids move through pipes, they ...

Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...

An experimental facility has been constructed to investigate a fully developed turbulent pipe flow over a large range of Reynolds numbers. In the past many experiments (Nikuradse, 1932; Laufer, 1954 ...