Electron affinity (EA) refers to the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion. Understanding electron affinities is crucial in various fields ...

(Image: A. Carlson, Wikimedia Commons, in the public domain) Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) are both essential for analyzing material surfaces, offering ...

What is Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy? Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a powerful analytical technique used to study the chemical composition, electronic structure, and local bonding ...

It is similar to NMR spectroscopy, but instead of exciting the spins of atomic nuclei, EPR excites the electron spins of unpaired electrons. This technique has a wide range of applications, ...