SP hybridization occurs when one s orbital and one p orbital from the same atom combine to form two new orbitals of equal energy. These new orbitals are linearly oriented 180 degrees apart, leading to ...

Speeding up chemical reactions is key to improving industrial processes or mitigating unwanted or harmful waste. Realizing these improvements requires that chemists design around documented reaction ...

We know magnetism as a fundamental force of nature that plays a crucial role in both the natural world and modern technology. It governs the behavior of materials at the atomic level and is essential ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...

Researchers demonstrate orbital hybridization in graphene-based quantum dots, revealing how anisotropic confinement influences electronic states at the atomic scale. Quantum dots, often described as ...