In the aftermath of 2014, various political and legislative processes related to the protection of CI were initiated or accelerated in Ukraine, culminating, for example, in the first comprehensive ...

The series CSS Policy Briefs provides concise, policy-orientated output with the aim to set agendas, explain policy-relevant issues, and identify policy options. CSS Policy Briefs are published each ...

Gorana Grgić and Daniel Möckli place this year’s edition of Strategic Trends in the context of profound changes in the international order, characterized by shifting power balances, increasing rivalry ...

With 190 states parties, the NPT provides the legal basis for nuclear safeguards, which ensure that non-nuclear weapon states do not develop nuclear weapons, guarantees the right to peaceful uses of ...

Space systems are an integral part of modern war fighting. Militaries use them to conduct everything from reconnaissance to communications and data transfers, mission planning, and maintain ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

This chapter addresses the types of cyber operations that were conducted against the space sector as well as the types of space entities that have been targeted by threat actors in the context of the ...

The IT Army of Ukraine was stood up in an ad-hoc manner without a clearly structured and proven plan. Born out of necessity, the IT Army subsequently evolved into a hybrid construct that is neither ...

Peacebuilding and conflict prevention initiatives worldwide increasingly rely on so-called “PeaceTech” applications, i.e., digital tools that support conflict early warning, mediation, and ...

In September 2021, Australia, the UK, and the US announced the creation of a trilateral security partnership named AUKUS. The new format is intended to strengthen defense cooperation between the three ...

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

At the NATO Summit in Wales nearly a decade ago, NATO recognized that cyber defense is an inseparable part of collective defense. Therefore, a cyberattack against one or more member states can trigger ...