and the sum of the protons and neutrons gives the atomic mass, the number of neutrons defines the isotope of that element. For example, most carbon (≈ 99 %) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and is written ...

oxygen and “clumped” isotope ratios for carbonate minerals, which enables us to reconstruct the temperature at which the carbonate formed, along with information about carbon cycle changes and ...

and the time it takes for one-half of a particular isotope to decay is its radioactive half-life. For example, about 1.5 percent of a quantity of Uranium 238 will decay to lead every 100 million ...

These TIMS’ were installed in 2016 and 2022 and are primarily used for high-precision analysis of small sample size neodymium and strontium isotopes on materials spanning the earth and environmental ...