Whatever the case, one thing was clear: Mr. Trump is not giving up on his obsession with Canada, and the new government that emerges from Monday’s vote will need to deal with a leader intent on both hurting Canada’s economy with tariffs, and coveting its vast resources.

Canada will hold a general election on Monday, with polls indicating Prime Minister Mark Carney's ruling Liberals ahead of the official opposition Conservatives of Pierre Poilievre. There are 343 seats in the elected House of Commons chamber.

The US president came to dominate on the campaign trail, with the contest being viewed as a referendum on how Canada should engage with him.